Late lessons from early warnings:The precautionary principle 1896-2000

Environmental Issue report No 22, European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen, 2001.

This publication describes the use, non use, and possible misuse of the precautionary principle. It derives a number of criteria, or lessons, for the future application of the precautionary principle that can help minimise risks and maximise benefits and innovation. It is designed to improve awareness, understanding and "framing" of the issues raised by the precautionary principle, and to help improve its contribution to "sound and effective" policy-making. The report contains case studies on some major hazards (asbestos, benzene, acid rain, Great Lakes pollution, antibiotics in animal feed, BSE, CFCs, PCBs, sulphur dioxide, fisheries, medical radiation, etc.) for which there is information on the science about the health/environment impacts, and the costs/benefits.

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